Considerations:

Shock is caused by any condition that dangerously reduces blood flow, including heart problems (such as acute MI or heart failure), changes in blood vessels, changes in blood volume, and injuries. Related factors include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate fluid intake (fluid imbalance), and kidney disorders. Types of shock include anaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction), bacteremic or septic shock (associated with infections), cardiogenic shock (associated with heart disorders), hypovolemic shock (caused by inadequate blood volume), and neurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system).

Shock is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical treatment. Some degree of shock can accompany any medical emergency. Shock can get worse very rapidly. Be prepared to begin rescue breathing or CPR as needed.

Causes:

• Bleeding (hypovolemic shock)
• Dehydration (hypovolemic shock)
• Heart-related shock (cardiogenic shock)
• Infections (septic shock)
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock)
• Spinal injuries (neurogenic shock)

Symptoms:

• anxiety, nervousness
• bluish lips and fingernails
• chest pain
• cool, clammy skin
• decreased or no urine output
• dizziness
• faintness
• nausea and vomiting
• numbness
• paleness
• profuse sweating, moist skin
• rapid pulse
• shallow breathing
• excessive thirst
• unconsciousness
• weakness
• confusion

Do Not:

• DO NOT give the victim anything by mouth.
• DO NOT move the victim if a spinal injury is suspected.

Call If:

• Shock is suspected. Try to determine the cause of shock. Check for a medical alert tag. Shock requires immediate treatment to prevent damage to vital organs and tissues.

First Aid:

1. Check the victim’s airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

2. If the victim is conscious and doesn’t have a head, leg, neck, spinal injury, or labored breathing, place the victim in the shock position by laying the victim on the back and elevating the lower extremities about 12 inches. Don’t elevate the head. However, if the victim has sustained an injury in which raising the legs will cause pain, leave the victim flat.

3. If the victim has sustained a possible spinal injury, keep the victim in the position in which he or she was found. Do not place the victim in the shock position.

4. Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing. Don’t give the victim anything to drink or eat.

5. If the victim vomits or is drooling, turn the head to one side so vomitus can drain. If spinal injury is suspected and the victim vomits, "log roll" him or her by supporting the neck and spine to keep head position neutral with body position while turning the victim onto his or her side.

6. Give first aid for any injuries or illnesses.

7. Get medical help while continuing to monitor the victim’s vital signs (temperature, pulse, rate of breathing, blood pressure).

Prevention:

Preventing shock is easier than trying to treat it once it happens. Prompt treatment of related disorders may reduce the risk of shock. Early first aid can help control shock.