Causes and Risks: Glomerulonephritis is a slow progressive destruction of the kidney glomeruli, with progressive loss of kidney function (and eventually, chronic renal failure). The disease may be caused by specific problems with the body’s immune system, but the precise cause of most cases is unknown.

Damage to the glomeruli with subsequent inefficient filtering causes blood and protein to be lost in the urine. Because symptoms develop gradually, the disorder may be discovered when there is an abnormal urinalysis during routine physical or examination for unrelated disorders. It can cause hypertension and may only be discovered as a cause of hypertension that is difficult to control.

It may develop after survival of the acute phase of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In about one-fourth of people with chronic glomerulonephritis, there is no prior history of kidney disease, and the disorder first appears as chronic renal failure.

Specific disorders that are associated with glomerulonephritis include:

• acute interstitial nephropathy caused by NSAID
• acute interstitial nephropathy not caused by NSAID
• acute nephritic syndrome
• chronic glomerulonephritis
• focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSG)
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• IgA nephropathy
• IgM mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
• lupus nephritis
• membranoproliferative GN I
• membranoproliferative GN II
• membranous nephropathy
• minimal change disease
• nephrotic syndrome
• post-streptococcal GN
• rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
• rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Prevention: There is no specific prevention for most cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. Some cases may be prevented by avoiding or limiting exposure to organic solvents, mercury, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics, and HIV disease.

Symptoms:

• blood in the urine
• dark, rusty or brown colored urine
• foamy urine

• unintentional weight loss
• nausea, vomiting
• general ill feeling
• fatigue
• headache
• frequent hiccups
• generalized itching (pruritus)
• decreased urine output
• need to urinate at night
• easy bruising or bleeding
  • may have blood in the vomit or in stools
• decreased alertness
  • drowsiness, somnolence, lethargy
  • confusion, delirium
  • coma
• muscle twitching
• muscle cramps
• seizures
• increased skin pigmentation (hyperpigmentation)--skin may appear yellow or brown
• decreased sensation in the hands, feet, or other areas

• urination, excessive volume
• nosebleed - symptom
• blood pressure, high

Signs and Tests: High blood pressure may be present along with abnormal urinalysis. Laboratory tests may reveal anemia or indicate reduced kidney functioning, including azotemia (accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as creatinine and urea). Later, signs of chronic renal failure may be apparent, including edema, polyneuropathy, and signs of fluid overload including abnormal heart and lung sounds.

• A urinalysis may show blood, casts, protein, or some other abnormality.
• Kidney or abdominal ultrasound, kidney or some abdominal CT scan, or IVP may show small kidneys.
• A chest X-ray may show fluid overload.
• A kidney biopsy may show one of the forms of chronic glomerulonephritis or non specific scarring of the glomeruli.

• urine specific gravity
• urine concentration test
• uric acid, urine
• total protein
• renal scan
• RBC; urine
• protein, urine
• creatinine clearance
• creatinine - urine
• complement component 3
• complement
• BUN
• anti-glomerular basement membrane
• albumin
• abdominal MRI

Treatment: Treatment varies depending on the cause of the disorder, and the type and severity of symptoms. The primary treatment goal is control of symptoms. Hypertension may be difficult to control, and it is generally the most important aspect of treatment.

Various antihypertensive medications may be used to attempt to control high blood pressure. Corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, or other medications may be used to treat some of the causes of chronic glomerulonephritis.

Dietary restrictions on salt, fluids, protein, and other substances may be recommended to aid control of hypertension or renal failure.

Dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary to control symptoms of renal failure and to sustain life.

The stress of illness can often be helped by joining support groups where members share common experiences and problems. See kidney disease - support group.

Prognosis: The outcome varies depending on the cause. Some disorders may have spontaneous remission. If nephrotic syndrome is present and can be controlled, other symptoms may be controlled. If nephrotic syndrome is present and cannot be controlled, end-stage renal disease is likely.

The disorder generally progresses at widely variable rates.

Complications:

• nephrotic syndrome
• acute nephritic syndrome
• chronic renal failure
• end-stage renal disease
• hypertension
• malignant hypertension
• fluid overload--congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema
• chronic or recurrent urinary tract infection
• increased susceptibility to other infections

Call your health care provider if disorders associated with increased risk of glomerulonephritis are present, or if symptoms indicating glomerulonephritis develop.