Causes and Risks:

The retina is a transparent membrane at the back of the eye that processes the images focused on it by the cornea and the lens. Retinal detachments are often associated with a tear or hole in the retina through which the internal fluids of the eye may leak, causing separation of the retina from the underlying tissues. This may be caused by trauma, the aging process, severe diabetes, or an inflammatory disorder, but it frequently occurs spontaneously. In pre-term babies, retinal detachment can be caused by retinopathy of prematurity (abnormalities of the retina associated with being premature).

During a detachment bleeding from small retinal blood vessels may cloud the interior of the eye, which is normally filled with vitreous fluid. Central vision becomes severely affected if the macula, the part of the retina responsible for fine vision, becomes detached.

The risk factors are nearsightedness, a family history of retinal detachment, uncontrolled diabetes and trauma. Approximately 10,000 people per year are affected with retinal detachments.

Prevention:

Use protective eye wear to prevent eye trauma. Control your blood sugars carefully if you have diabetes. See your eye care specialist at least yearly, especially if you have risk factors for retinal detachment.

Symptoms:

• Bright flashes of light, especially in peripheral vision
• Translucent specks of various shapes (floaters) in the eye
• Blurred vision
• Shadow or blindness in a part of the visual field of one eye

Signs and Tests:

Tests to determine the integrity of the retina may include:

• Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy
• Visual acuity
• Refraction test
• Color defectiveness determination
• Pupillary reflex response
• Slit lamp examination
• Intraocular pressure determination
• Ultrasound of the eye
• Retinal photography
• Fluorescein angiography
• Electroretinogram (a record of the action currents of the retina produced by visual stimuli)

Treatment:

Laser surgery can be used to seal the tears or holes in the retina that generally precede detachment.

The application of intense cold with an ice probe (known as cryopexy), leads to the formation of a scar that holds the retina to the underlying layer. This technique is used in combination with the injection of a gas bubble and the maintenance of specific head positions to prevent the reaccumulation fluid behind the retina.

Surgical reattachment involves indentation of the sclera to relieve pressure on the retina, allowing it to re-attach.

Prognosis:

The outcome depends upon the location and extent of the detachment and early treatment. If the macula has not detached, the results of treatment can be excellent.

Complications:

The unsuccessful reattachment of the retina results in loss of vision.

A retinal detachment is a medical emergency requiring immediate evaluation.