Alternate Names: GBM antibody test; Antibody to normal human glomerular basement membrane
How Performed: Adult or child:
Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with antiseptic, and a tourniquet (an elastic band) or blood pressure cuff is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and restrict blood flow through the vein. This causes veins below the tourniquet to distend (fill with blood). A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. During the procedure, the tourniquet is removed to restore circulation. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
Infant or young child:
The area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet. The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container. Cotton or a bandage may be applied to the puncture site if there is any continued bleeding.
How To Prepare: Adults:
No special preparation is necessary.
Infants and children:
The physical and psychological preparation you can provide for this or any test or procedure depends on your child’s age, interests, previous experience, and level of trust. For specific information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics as they correspond to your child’s age:
How It Feels: When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Risks:
- excessive bleeding
- fainting or feeling lightheaded
- hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
- multiple punctures to locate veins
Why Performed: This test is used when the presence of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane (part of the kidney filtering system) is suspected as the cause of renal (kidney) disease.
Immunologically-mediated renal diseases may involve autoantibodies (antibodies against the body’s own tissue) directed against renal antigens; or it may involve immune complexes of autoantibodies (an antibody and antigen combine to form a complex) against nonrenal antigens that become deposited in the glomerulus. In either case, a local inflammatory process develops in the kidney. In the first case, antibodies may be formed against the basement membrane of the glomerulus (and possibly the renal tubule or lung basement membrane as well). The result is often damage to the basement membrane.
Normal Values: No presence of antibodies.
Abnormal Results:
Cost:
Special Considerations: Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
